Even if you're not from Wisconsin, you can be part of the Sconnie Geek Nation through my coverage! The third O tumbled down the hill of Mount Lee, where the sign is located, and some people set the bottom of the second L on fire. Built by Los Angeles Times publisher Harry Chandler as an epic $21,000 billboard for his upscale Hollywoodland real estate development, the Sign soon took on the role of giant marquee for a city that was constantly announcing its own gala premiere. Hollywoodland Advertisement c. 1924. Each of the original 13 letters was 30 feet wide and approximately 43 feet tall, constructed of 39 metal squares rigged together by an intricate frame of scaffolding, pipes, wires and telephone poles. Characters in The Boosters are sucked into the gung-ho swirl like people pulled into floodwaters. Bei der Nutzung unserer Websites und Apps verwenden wir, unsere Websites und Apps fr Sie bereitzustellen, Nutzer zu authentifizieren, Sicherheitsmanahmen anzuwenden und Spam und Missbrauch zu verhindern, und, Ihre Nutzung unserer Websites und Apps zu messen, personalisierte Werbung und Inhalte auf der Grundlage von Interessenprofilen anzuzeigen, die Effektivitt von personalisierten Anzeigen und Inhalten zu messen, sowie, unsere Produkte und Dienstleistungen zu entwickeln und zu verbessern. By 1920, 40 million Americans were going to the movies each week. Hardly alone in this pursuit, Hollywoodland was one of countless housing developments in LA and across the United States that, along with the banks, shamefully restricted minorities from entering its communities and deterred non-whites from home ownership and accumulating wealth. The sign lit up . Los Angeles Times (1923-1995), Dec. 30, 1923, p. 1. A couple in a convertible overlooking Los Angeles from Mulholland Drive on July 15, 1951. Hollywoodland contains many special features and sophisticated homes that attract artists and celebrities, and has served as a filming location for movies and . Up in Echo Park, a widowed Canadian preacher named Aimee Semple McPherson celebrated New Years Day 1923 by opening the doors of her massive new Angelus Temple to thousands of the faithful. But the erection of the famed Hollywood sign in 1923 marked the start of another. Klicken Sie auf Alle ablehnen, wenn Sie nicht mchten, dass wir und unsere Partner Cookies und personenbezogene Daten fr diese zustzlichen Zwecke verwenden. These two men, along with LA Times publisher, Harry Chandler, and developers, Tracy E. Shoults and S. H. Woodruff, formed a syndicate that would establish the Hollywoodland development in 1923. And do you know what happiness is? Built by Los Angeles Times publisher Harry Chandler as a $21,000 billboard for his upscale Hollywoodland real estate development, the Sign soon took on the role of giant marquee for a city that was constantly announcing its own gala premiere. It was designed in a storybook style by John DeLario, principal architect of Hollywoodland in the 1920s. At its inception, Hollywoodland offered its residents several amenities including the Hollywoodland bus--an 8-passenger Model A Ford that ferried residents from their homes to the stone gate entrance--as well as two tennis courts, a putting green, and horse stables where stable hands once delivered horses directly to residents doors. Sie knnen Ihre Einstellungen jederzeit ndern, indem Sie auf unseren Websites und Apps auf den Link Datenschutz-Dashboard klicken. Initially reading HOLLYWOODLAND and emblazoned brightly above the City of Angels, the Hollywood Sign is one of LAs most recognizable landmarks, and possibly the most famous advertisement in the world. This news caused their stock to fall, which continued when Hastings announced the DVD division was to be rebranded as Qwikster, and sold (which, of course, didnt happen). The sign originally read "Hollywoodland" and cost $21,000 to construct. Photo via Los Angeles Public Library (1924), Publicity photo of women in a steam shovel above Hollywoodland. "GIANT BLAST SHOT OFF IN SUBDIVISION." The Hollywood sign overlooking Los Angeles has been an international landmark since its debut in 1923. Hollywood, which by now represented not just a city, but also an industry, a lifestyle, and increasingly an aspiration, was officially crowned when the "Hollywoodland" sign was erected in 1923. A showcase for compelling storytelling from the Los Angeles Times. At Cal Tech, physicist Robert Millikan brought home the first of Southern Californias dozens of Nobel Prizes for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect. The prize, and his quarter-century leadership of Caltech, laid down a marker for the muscular science and tech place that this region would become. In 1949 the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce contracted to repair and rebuild the sign. Originally erected as "Hollywoodland", as an advertisement to lure real estate investors in 1923 has now become a major symbol of Los Angeles that has seen tragedy, many facelifts, and even. Original cost of the Hollywood Sign and the Riding Academy Building. "ACTIVE BUILDING SEEN." Hefner held a gala at his mansion and auctioned each letter to celebrity attendees, including musicians Alice Cooper and Gene Autry. "Residence in Hollywoodland for Attorney." 2011 - CEO Reed Hastings announced a bombshell that, in turn, brought on Netflix's single worst year ever. Web. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a2d8d74d837ca4c He announced that they were splitting Netflix streaming from DVD rentals. Jeffrey Powers @geekazine The history of the famous sign almost seems to confirm all the crazy reveries that suggests Hollywood is the promised land. Photo via hollywoodsign.org 8 Oct. 2018. ProQuest. L.A.s famous sign after pranksters altered its message in 2017. Performance & security by Cloudflare. Old barns were converted into sound stages and approximately 15 independent studios were shooting various projects in the city. In 1949 the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce contracted to repair and rebuild the sign. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. Intended to only be temporary, the sign was built at a cost of a little over $23,000 and was made of sheet metal, pipe, wire, and telephone poles. 2011 CEO Reed Hastings announced a bombshell that, in turn, brought on Netflixs single worst year ever. But it wasnt until the 1970s that Angelenos realized, Holy Holly, that things falling to pieces!, A series of fundraising campaigns finally gave us the sturdy sign we have today. Los Angeles Times (1923-1995), Nov. 29, 1925, p. 1. Yet this is exactly what made Hollywoodland attractive to buyers: it was sold as a refuge. L.A. loved its movies, of course, but it also voted for the bond issues to build the Memorial Coliseum to honor the dead of the World War and create a peoples playground. In its first year, the Coliseum staged an immense historical-religious pageant called The Wayfarer. Seven thousand Angelenos appeared as extras for once, a literal cast of thousands. Photo via Los Angeles Public Library (1924). The sign was created as a marketing tactic for a new housing development that would be called "Hollywoodland", likely named after the California holly growing in the area. A sign advertises the opening of the Hollywoodland housing development in the hills on Mulholland Drive overlooking Los Angeles, Hollywood, circa 1924. Producer and director Hal Roach had in 1922 debuted his Our Gang series of shorts, showing white and Black kids having a ball just being kids together a radical notion at a time when the resurgent KKK was riding high in some Los Angeles communities. 1985: Live Aidwas firstheld. Tracy E. Shoults and S. H. Woodruff, the developers, envisioned Hollywoodland as an elegant throwback to old California. Ground was broken on the Mulholland Highway, the spectacular scenic road skimming along the crest of the Santa Monica Mountains, ultimately from Hollywood to the sea, meant to be L.A. Countys version of the Pacific Coast Highway. Over its history, the sign has been vandalized and public access has been restricted. Ed. The sign was shortened to Hollywood where it stands overlooking LA. 1923 - HollywoodLand Sign is dedicated to the people in Los Angeles CA. He described the follow-up system in which he said 50,000 folders were sent out. Intended to last just 18 months, the Sign has endured nearly 100 years.+ Read More, Mount Lee, the home of the Hollywood Sign, is named for an entrepreneur who transformed a ridge in Griffith Park into one of the most important sites in television history. Its because Los Angeles delivers the goods. The History of the Hollywood Sign and the two Hollywood signs. 06, 1926, p. 1. In movies, directors seem to like destroying the Hollywood sign, according to the History website. Her public broadcast programs have earned her six Emmys, her two non-fiction books were bestsellers and Pinks, the Hollywood hot dog stand, named its veggie dog after her. The sign originally said, "Hollywoodland," and was erected in. And its Peak L.A. that the signature monument for its movie industry was originally created for its other gazillion-dollar industry real estate. The Hollywoodland sign is "believed to be the largest in the world," The Los Angeles . The billboard was massive. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Beachwood Market. In 1920, the L.A. County population was about 90% white, about 2% Black, with a Japanese population slightly more than that, and about 2,500 Chinese. So why the big civic surge? The Hollywood Sign was completed by 1923, acting as a high-profile beacon for the growing city of Los Angeles. If your child will play baseball or softball this spring, youll need to stock up on appropriate clothing and equipment. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. For the better part of a century, the block lettering has reigned over Los Angeles as an iconic mark of industry. Lee in the Hollywood Hills to create a three-dimensional billboard for his upscale neighborhood, Hollywoodland, in 1923. The city wanted the destroyed, but the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce stepped in and saved it. To the first and the best known: Let's sing the birthday song to the Hollywood sign, built as. Web. It was erected in 1923 for $21,000 and originally meant to last. According to Adweek, Hollywoodland was actually a subdivision of tract houses and the sign was a billboard for the development. Los Angeles: Papavasilopoulos, 1992. The Hollywoodland sign was first illuminated on Saturday, December 8th, 1923 so going by the fact that there appears to be only one house in sight, I think we're safe in saying that this photo is from 1924. In one LA Times article from November 1925, an LA attorney who recently purchased a home in Hollywoodland explained this feeling in greater detail: I realize that the place in which to make strong, healthy men and women of my kiddies was not in an apartment, but in the great out-of-doors, yet my business was such that I could not leave the city for the advantages of a country estate. For a short while, she was the most famous actress in Hollywood. A history of the Hollywood sign | Logo Design Love A history of the Hollywood sign The sign was built in 1923 as HOLLYWOODLAND as a promotion to sell real estate. It basks in the glow of 3,700 20-watt light bulbs. By the end of the 19th century Hollywood was a town with a name inspired by Daeida Wilcox, wife of Hollywood founder Harvey Wilcox.+ Read More, All was quiet until 1907, when bad weather drove a small Chicago film company westward to complete a shoot. During this time, LA real estate moguls, Eli P. Clark and Gen. Moses H. Sherman, who were instrumental in the development of the electric railcar system in LA, owned a large tract of land at the base of the Hollywood Hills which they dubbed the Sherman & Clark Ranch. With the growing population of LA, Sherman and Clark seized the opportunity to subdivide their then-undeveloped land into a new residential district. Web. The year 1923 saw some notable births, creative inventions and much more. Harry Chandler, a former Los Angeles Times publisher, built the "Hollywoodland" sign in 1923 to advertise an upscale real estate development company with the same name. Not until 1980 was Spanish origin a separate census category, so 1920 numbers did not reflect how many Latinos lived here. The Hollywood and Highland Mall (6801 Hollywood Blvd #170, Hollywood, CA 90028) offers multiple viewing decks of the Hollywood Sign and is a popular destination for photos. I n December 1923, the 'Hollywoodland' sign lit up for the first time - the same week that Cecil B Demille's epic The Ten Commandments opened in Los Angeles, Joseph Conrad published his novel 'The Rover', and Frederick Banting won his Nobel prize for discovering insulin. The view behind the Hollywood sign at dusk. After Shoults death, the syndicate continued on with Woodruff at the helm. Nearly 70,000 cars passed that building every day, albeit slowly. So much for that. ProQuest. This was way back when before any houses dotted the hillside and the land was simply covered with oak . and Deronda Dr. . The year 1923 amounted to a civic Big Bang, a pinpoint event whose reverberations reach us today. "They didn't consider it a permanent structure,'' film historian Leonard Maltin told the New York Post. Los Angeles Times (1923-1995), Apr. (ca. It was erected in 1923 for $21,000 (17,000) and originally. The earliest found mention of the Sign appeared on December 14, 1923 in a Holly Leaves article about the Mulholland Highway soon to be built, which would extend from from the western end of the (Griffith Park) road, under the electric sign of Hollywoodland, around Lake Hollywood and across the dam., Just two weeks later another Los Angeles Timesarticle (December 30, 1923) with the headline Hollywood Electric Sign Reached by Car, reported on actor Harry Nevilles epic, experimental trip to test whether a motorcar could reach the Sign on the unpaved grade, and whether the cars brakes would work on the precipitous path down. Hollywoodland is a 2006 American mystery drama film directed by Allen Coulter and written by Paul Bernbaum. It was supposed to be a suburban, at least at the time, housing development called 'Hollywoodland.' Simultaneously, film studios were popping up on every corner, with some companies merging to become heavy hitters in the burgeoning film industry, which amassed 40 million American filmgoers in a span of five years. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum opened in 1923, a hometown project that assumed international renown, a venue for one, then two, and now soon to be three Olympic Games. Thanks to his company's domination of the electrical sign market and his prowess with promotion, Howse would help electrify the Hollywoodland Sign in 1923, helping turn it into a potent advertising weapon on its way to being a world-famous icon. The real estate syndicate comprised of General M. H. Sherman (founder of West Hollywood), Harry Chandler (Publisher of the LA Times) and developer Sidney H . The Oscars will air on ABC and can be streamed on ABC.com and the ABC app as well as Hulu + Live TV, YouTube TV, AT&T TV or FuboTV. The Hollywood sign is one of America's most iconic landmarks but it started out in 1923 as a temporary billboard for a mountaintop real estate development called Hollywoodland. A view in November 2000 of some of the nine bridges over the L.A. River designed by Merrill Butler. The whole shebang land and sign was given or sold to the city, which didnt have as much regard for the monument as the tourists did. We interviewed our tech expert, Jaime Vazquez, to learn more about accessible smart home devices. Filmmakers and distributors responded with a series of gimmicks: wider screens, 3-D, Technicolor, stereo sound, even free dishes. By 1910, the place was already known as "Hollywood". "Hollywoodland Electric Sign Reached by Car." The original version of this post mistakenly stated that the Hollywood Sign was dedicated on July 13, 1923. In 2022, the sign was temporarily changed to Rams House after the Los Angeles Rams won the Super Bowl. In fact, the sign didn't even say "Hollywood." The 50-ft.-tall lettering, which was. In 1978, Hugh Hefner hosted a gala fundraiser at the Playboy Mansion, where individual Sign letters were ceremonially auctioned off at $27,700 per letter to celebrity sponsors including glam-rocker Alice Cooper and cowboy star Gene Autry. But the erection of the famed Hollywood sign in 1923 marked the start of another phase, one still with us today. 26 Nov. 2018. 01, 1923, p. 1. Although some of the lots will be at high elevation, the engineering problem has been so handled that the boulevards throughout the tract will be carried on easy grades For many years the ranch has lain undeveloped, but the rapid growth of Hollywood and the growing popularity of the foothill area for residential purposes has reached a point where the subdivision of the tract is now deemed advisable by its owners. The sign was shortened to Hollywood where it stands overlooking LA. It was more than just an eye-catching decoration; it was a political statement. Full Day in Tech History podcast show notes forJuly 13. Web. One Times ad for the Hollywoodland development didnt even bother with coded language, exhorting buyers: Keep the white spot white.. (Michael Ochs Archives / Getty Images) Advertisement Once the landscape was prepared, construction began on homes which were restricted to styles with a European influence--French, Tudor, Mediterranean, and Spanish. The landmark sales office was also the site when tragedy struck in July 1923. It's uncertain who came up with the idea to erect the large advertising sign for the Hollywoodland tract. So many singular L.A. landmarks and institutions made their debuts in the year 1923 that celebrating those centennials really means something larger and more profound in the L.A. origins story than simply lighting up a few hundred candles. The Village Plaza, situated at the end of Beachwood Drive, may no longer have the gas station or drug store, but Beachwood Market, the neighborhood grocery store since 1933, is still serving the community and even expanded to the building next door with its distinctive John Lautner-designed glass front. Its freedom from fear. Lee in Los Angeles, is unveiled after its dedication, Nov. 11, 1978. The Hollywoodland housing development was under construction with its eponymous sign in the background at the time of this photo, circa 1925. Are you going to sit idly by and let the March of Progress pass unheeded? ProQuest. In order to build miles of road, as well as the new tracts where houses would be constructed, developers carved the landscape with a combination of mule drawn graders and steam shovels. By the end of 1923, the Sign was fully erected, a high-profile beacon for the fast-growing metropolis. Please try again later. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. All rights reserved. Newly discovered HGP Easement! A Sign Is Born - 1923. Free shipping for many products! With that in mind, the very first building constructed here was the Hollywoodland sales office, still standing today at the entrance of the neighborhood at 2700 N. Beachwood Drive. With a showmanship worthy of her Hollywood neighbors, she staged elaborate morality plays for her flock, and soon broadcast on her own radio station, and ushered her Foursquare brand of Pentecostalism into the big tent of American Protestantism. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. Photo via Los Angeles Public Library (1942). Don Lee was a businessman who launched L.A.s W6XAO in 1931. Peg Entwistle was a stage actress from New York who dreamed about making it big in Hollywood. ProQuest. Los Angeles youre gonna need a bigger cake. By 1949, with the bulbs long since burned out and the sign battered by weather, the city decided to replace the original with a new sign that was four letters shorter, advertising not housing but the California silver-screen dream. Hollywood Sign Timeline 1923: The sign is built as a huge advertisement for the Hollywoodland real estate development. Considering that the original Hollywoodland sign was only intended to be an advertisement for a real estate development, it was quite expensive. In Wisconsin, friends are called "Sconnies". The latest Hollywood sign was the same size as its predecessor. Palos Verdes Peninsula and Orange County viewers can watch on Cox Systems on channel 99. The Hollywood sign was still in bad shape even after a refurbishment during the 1940s. Though some found this characterization to simply refer to keeping LA economically prosperous, its difficult to separate the racial implications when put in this historical context. The Original Griffith Park Grant. The entrance to Hollywoodland is located at 2700 N. Beachwood Drive in Los Angeles. W hen the Hollywood Sign was built in 1923, there was little hint that it would become an iconic emblem. My last $20.00 donated for restoration of my favorite Hollywood landmark and just look at it nowa DECEASED Hollywood Sign lover., The signs been much pranked, altered to read HOLLYWEED and HOLYWOOD and other, more obscure iterations. Angelus Temples congregations were integrated. You can unsubscribe at any time. Some of the ballyhoo turned to boohoo. But of course, the crown jewel of all the advertising efforts was the HOLLYWOODLAND sign placed on the hillside high above the neighborhood in 1923. At night the sign lit up with four phrases, first lighting up Holly, then wood, then land. In the end, it flashed the entire name Hollywoodland, for as far as the eye could see, according to the History website. Hopeful actors and actresses filled the streets, dazzled by a new American dream: film stardom. In 1923, Harry Chandler, a Los Angeles Times publisher, also ran a real estate development company, and this time, they are setting their sights on luxury clients. However, with Easterners drawn sunny skies and mild, dry weather, the areas bedrock industry real estate soon kicked into high gear. Magazines, Digital A historical postcard of the Hollywoodland residential district. 26 Nov. 2018. In 1977, someone hanged a man-sized dummy from the W, with a protest suicide note: What was there left to live for? Lee, just above the town of Hollywood. Hollywoodland sign, Hollywood, California, 1935. The first passing newspaper references to the "electric" sign, which was covered in lights that blinked at night, came in December 1923; the development it advertised broke ground earlier that year. Oil soon joined oranges and movies as a principal Southern California export, putting the filth in filthy rich. (Inconceivably, 99 years later, the city of Los Angeles banned new wells and ordered the phasing-out of old ones.). Since then, the sign has received fresh coats of white paint. Although the $21,000 . It's huge and I've never noticed it before. Well, fix it up was a term of art. Finegood changed the sign three more times to read: Holywood to celebrate Easter, Ollywood to protest Oliver Norths Iran-Contra testimony and Oil War to protest the Persian Gulf War. Some notable fake sign destructions occurred in Superman (1978), The Rocketeer (1991), and Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010). In 1944, ownership of the land the sign sits on was . Newspaper display advertising, he said, is the foundation of all publicity used to bring business., Hollywoodlands extensive use of print advertising is evident throughout the early years of development. Initially erected as an advertisement for real estate development, it was never intended to stand for more than . L.A.s political and artistic leaders were inclined to sanitize the deep Mexican/Californio historical presence, and repurpose it into a romanticized version of itself. Many people believe the sign was placed high up in the hills on Mount Lee for the filming of a movie. The Automobile Club of Southern California opened its magnificent headquarters in 1923, an exceptionally handsome building in the Spanish Colonial Revival style, with a fine courtyard for cars, of course and church-worthy ceilings. Ten years later, part of the Egyptian was restored to its glory. Harry Chandler, a former Los Angeles Times publisher, built the Hollywoodland sign in 1923 to advertise an upscale real estate development company with the same name. Today the former Hollywoodland development is a more diverse community of residents and visitors, bustling with tourists, hikers, and neighbors alike. Los Angeles Times publisher Harry Chandler built this $21,000 (over $250,000 in today's money) billboard for his upscale Hollywoodland real estate . Los Angeles Times (1923-1995), Jun. The state's gold has since been drained, and the quest for perfect health has spread to rest of the country. However, Hollywoodland cannot simply be reduced to the pastoral and idyllic community that it touted itself to be. Built in 1923, The famous Hollywood sign was the vision for a real estate development in Beachwood Canyon. Butler was a child of the influential City Beautiful movement of the early 20th century, a civic philosophy that believed that beautiful public buildings and spaces helped to elevate people and institutions to be beautiful themselves aesthetically, socially and morally. If they were a starlets teeth, they would long since have been straightened out by studio dentists. Protect your family by procuring at todays prices a home place in the Hills of Hollywoodland--secured by fixed and natural restrictions against the inroads of metropolitanism and yet within twenty-five minutes of Seventh & Broadway. Only a few years ago Figueroa Street was the exclusive residential section, then West Adams, then Wilshire Boulevard. Beachwood Plaza (date unknown). "Rustic Enclave Trades Hustle for Serenity." The old landmark sign it replaces was built in 1923, but deteriorated and began to fall apart recently. The Hollywood Sign Trust says the exact timing of the signs construction in 1923 cannot be verified, and there would have been no unveiling. Dates and debates swirl about when the Hollywoodland Real Estate development and the massive electric sign that advertised it actually came into being. "Display Ad 100 -- no Title." Today, the sign is as synonymous with the television and film industry as Hollywood itself. Entwistle had been a teenaged orphan living in New York in 1923, the year that, down on the flats of Hollywood, the Warner brothers were incorporating their business. Photo via Hollywoodland: Established 1923. Ironically, according to the History website, a letter was mailed to Entwistle a day before her death, offering her the lead role in a film about a woman who kills herself. Historical Context Originally erected in 1923 as a billboard for a new residential development, by the 1940s the then Hollywoodland sign was in disrepair. HOLLYWOODLAND SIGN'S CONCEPTION As mentioned earlier, the Hollywoodland sign was completed in 1923 and was to help promote the sale of lots in the Hollywoodland subdivision. In 1923, a subdivision of the 500-acre Sherman & Clark Ranch atop Beachwood Drive to be known as "Hollywoodland" was announced in the Los Angeles Times as "one of the most attractive residential sections of the City of Los Angeles". This was rich material for the novel Mark Lee Luther was writing in 1923 that he had come here specifically to write. That must have been one hell of a correspondence course. Scientists are making the most of a rare opportunity, Send me a love song: How L.A. became hopelessly devoted to radio dedication shows, As a reporter, Id braced myself to cover mass shootings. Digital My first was in my own community. At night the Sign blinked into the Hollywood night: first Holly then wood and finally land, punctuated by a giant period. . The dedication of the Hollywoodland Sign in 1923 Photograph Courtesy Bruce Torrence The Hollywodland Sign illuminated by thousands of tiny light bulbs in the 1930s Photograph Courtesy Bruce. Jeffrey Powers would love to come on your show and discuss the events of technology history. As the industry matured, many of these independent companies merged, forming the big studios that would shape and control the industry. Los Angeles Times (1923-1995), Nov. 4, 1923, p. V4. LA Times Today: A look back at the 1923 building boom that shaped L.A. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, 9 little-known ways to see the Hollywood sign, LA Times Today: The Hollywood sign turns 100, Curious about the motorcycle club wearing turbans under their helmets? Lead developer, Tracy Shoults, died suddenly of heart disease in his Hollywoodland office, never ultimately seeing the fruits of his labor. Elsewhere, the 20s roared. In late 1924, the Sign was underscored with a 35-foot-diameter white circle - or more precisely, a dot. By pledging, you join the Geek Sconnie Nation! ProQuest. Restrictive covenants and loan practices were already confining the small Black population, and would squeeze even tighter as more moved here.
